Laparoscopic Surgery Specialist in Kolkata, India

Diabetes in Pregnancy

by Dr. Sankar Dasmahapatra

Diabetes in pregnancy includes both pre-existing diabetes and gestational diabetes (GDM), which develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that cause insulin resistance. If not controlled, high blood sugar can lead to serious complications for both mother and baby. These may include preeclampsia for the mother, and high birth weight, breathing issues, low blood sugar, and increased long-term risks for the baby.

What Happens in the Body?

1) During pregnancy, hormones from the placenta reduce the effectiveness of insulin, causing insulin resistance.
2) This can lead to high blood sugar levels and the development of gestational diabetes.
3) Women with pre-existing diabetes may experience worsened conditions affecting the eyes, kidneys, and heart.

Risks and Complications -

1) For the Mother:
- Higher chance of high blood pressure (preeclampsia)
- Increased likelihood of C-section delivery

2) For the Baby:
- High birth weight due to excess fat storage
- Breathing difficulties, especially if born early
- Low blood sugar (neonatal hypoglycemia) after birth
- Long-term risks, including obesity and type 2 diabetes

Management and Treatment

1) Diagnosis - Screening between 24–28 weeks; early high blood sugar may indicate type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
2) Lifestyle changes - Healthy diet and regular exercise often help control blood sugar.
3) Medication - Insulin or other medications may be required.
4) Monitoring - Regular blood sugar checks are recommended.

Important Considerations

1) Pre-pregnancy planning - Women with diabetes should optimize blood sugar before conceiving.
2) Post-pregnancy - GDM usually resolves after birth, but women remain at higher risk of type 2 diabetes and should be tested postpartum.